This class is the base class for multistep integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.
We define scaled derivatives si(n) at step n as:
s1(n) = h y'n for first derivative s2(n) = h2/2 y''n for second derivative s3(n) = h3/6 y'''n for third derivative ... sk(n) = hk/k! y(k)n for kth derivative
Rather than storing several previous steps separately, this implementation uses the Nordsieck vector with higher degrees scaled derivatives all taken at the same step (yn, s1(n) and rn) where rn is defined as:
rn = [ s2(n), s3(n) ... sk(n) ]T
(we omit the k index in the notation for clarity)
Multistep integrators with Nordsieck representation are highly sensitive to large step changes because when the step is multiplied by factor a, the kth component of the Nordsieck vector is multiplied by ak and the last components are the least accurate ones. The default max growth factor is therefore set to a quite low value: 21/order.
@see org.apache.commons.math3.ode.nonstiff.AdamsBashforthIntegrator
@see org.apache.commons.math3.ode.nonstiff.AdamsMoultonIntegrator
@since 2.0