Message interface is the root interface of all JMS messages. It defines the message header and the acknowledge method used for all messages. Most message-oriented middleware (MOM) products treat messages as lightweight entities that consist of a header and a payload. The header contains fields used for message routing and identification; the payload contains the application data being sent.
Within this general form, the definition of a message varies significantly across products. It would be quite difficult for the JMS API to support all of these message models.
With this in mind, the JMS message model has the following goals:
JMS messages are composed of the following parts:
The JMS API defines five types of message body:
StreamMessage object's message body contains a stream of primitive values in the Java programming language ("Java primitives"). It is filled and read sequentially. MapMessage object's message body contains a set of name-value pairs, where names are String objects, and values are Java primitives. The entries can be accessed sequentially or randomly by name. The order of the entries is undefined. TextMessage object's message body contains a java.lang.String object. This message type can be used to transport plain-text messages, and XML messages. ObjectMessage object's message body contains a Serializable Java object. BytesMessage object's message body contains a stream of uninterpreted bytes. This message type is for literally encoding a body to match an existing message format. In many cases, it is possible to use one of the other body types, which are easier to use. Although the JMS API allows the use of message properties with byte messages, they are typically not used, since the inclusion of properties may affect the format. The JMSCorrelationID header field is used for linking one message with another. It typically links a reply message with its requesting message.
JMSCorrelationID can hold a provider-specific message ID, an application-specific String object, or a provider-native byte[] value.
A Message object contains a built-in facility for supporting application-defined property values. In effect, this provides a mechanism for adding application-specific header fields to a message.
Properties allow an application, via message selectors, to have a JMS provider select, or filter, messages on its behalf using application-specific criteria.
Property names must obey the rules for a message selector identifier. Property names must not be null, and must not be empty strings. If a property name is set and it is either null or an empty string, an IllegalArgumentException must be thrown.
Property values can be boolean, byte, short, int, long, float, double, and String.
Property values are set prior to sending a message. When a client receives a message, its properties are in read-only mode. If a client attempts to set properties at this point, a MessageNotWriteableException is thrown. If clearProperties is called, the properties can now be both read from and written to. Note that header fields are distinct from properties. Header fields are never in read-only mode.
A property value may duplicate a value in a message's body, or it may not. Although JMS does not define a policy for what should or should not be made a property, application developers should note that JMS providers will likely handle data in a message's body more efficiently than data in a message's properties. For best performance, applications should use message properties only when they need to customize a message's header. The primary reason for doing this is to support customized message selection.
Message properties support the following conversion table. The marked cases must be supported. The unmarked cases must throw a JMSException. The String-to-primitive conversions may throw a runtime exception if the primitive's valueOf method does not accept the String as a valid representation of the primitive.
A value written as the row type can be read as the column type.
| | boolean byte short int long float double String |---------------------------------------------------------- |boolean | X X |byte | X X X X X |short | X X X X |int | X X X |long | X X |float | X X X |double | X X |String | X X X X X X X X |----------------------------------------------------------
In addition to the type-specific set/get methods for properties, JMS provides the setObjectProperty and getObjectProperty methods. These support the same set of property types using the objectified primitive values. Their purpose is to allow the decision of property type to made at execution time rather than at compile time. They support the same property value conversions.
The setObjectProperty method accepts values of class Boolean, Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double, and String. An attempt to use any other class must throw a JMSException.
The getObjectProperty method only returns values of class Boolean, Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double, and String.
The order of property values is not defined. To iterate through a message's property values, use getPropertyNames to retrieve a property name enumeration and then use the various property get methods to retrieve their values.
A message's properties are deleted by the clearProperties method. This leaves the message with an empty set of properties.
Getting a property value for a name which has not been set returns a null value. Only the getStringProperty and getObjectProperty methods can return a null value. Attempting to read a null value as a primitive type must be treated as calling the primitive's corresponding valueOf(String) conversion method with a null value.
The JMS API reserves the JMSX property name prefix for JMS defined properties. The full set of these properties is defined in the Java Message Service specification. New JMS defined properties may be added in later versions of the JMS API. Support for these properties is optional. The String[] ConnectionMetaData.getJMSXPropertyNames method returns the names of the JMSX properties supported by a connection.
JMSX properties may be referenced in message selectors whether or not they are supported by a connection. If they are not present in a message, they are treated like any other absent property.
JMSX properties defined in the specification as "set by provider on send" are available to both the producer and the consumers of the message. JMSX properties defined in the specification as "set by provider on receive" are available only to the consumers.
JMSXGroupID and JMSXGroupSeq are standard properties that clients should use if they want to group messages. All providers must support them. Unless specifically noted, the values and semantics of the JMSX properties are undefined.
The JMS API reserves the JMS_vendor_name property name prefix for provider-specific properties. Each provider defines its own value for vendor_name. This is the mechanism a JMS provider uses to make its special per-message services available to a JMS client.
The purpose of provider-specific properties is to provide special features needed to integrate JMS clients with provider-native clients in a single JMS application. They should not be used for messaging between JMS clients.
The JMS API provides a set of message interfaces that define the JMS message model. It does not provide implementations of these interfaces.
Each JMS provider supplies a set of message factories with its Session object for creating instances of messages. This allows a provider to use message implementations tailored to its specific needs.
A provider must be prepared to accept message implementations that are not its own. They may not be handled as efficiently as its own implementation; however, they must be handled.
Note the following exception case when a provider is handling a foreign message implementation. If the foreign message implementation contains a JMSReplyTo header field that is set to a foreign destination implementation, the provider is not required to handle or preserve the value of this header field.
A JMS message selector allows a client to specify, by header field references and property references, the messages it is interested in. Only messages whose header and property values match the selector are delivered. What it means for a message not to be delivered depends on the MessageConsumer being used (see {@link javax.jms.QueueReceiver QueueReceiver} and{@link javax.jms.TopicSubscriber TopicSubscriber}).
Message selectors cannot reference message body values.
A message selector matches a message if the selector evaluates to true when the message's header field values and property values are substituted for their corresponding identifiers in the selector.
A message selector is a String whose syntax is based on a subset of the SQL92 conditional expression syntax. If the value of a message selector is an empty string, the value is treated as a null and indicates that there is no message selector for the message consumer.
The order of evaluation of a message selector is from left to right within precedence level. Parentheses can be used to change this order.
Predefined selector literals and operator names are shown here in uppercase; however, they are case insensitive.
A selector can contain:
'literal' and 'literal''s'. Like string literals in the Java programming language, these use the Unicode character encoding. 57, -957, and +62; numbers in the range of long are supported. Exact numeric literals use the integer literal syntax of the Java programming language. 7E3 and -57.9E2, or a numeric value with a decimal, such as 7., -95.7, and +6.2; numbers in the range of double are supported. Approximate literals use the floating-point literal syntax of the Java programming language. TRUE and FALSE. Character.isJavaLetter returns true. This includes '_' and '$'. A letter or digit is any character for which the method Character.isJavaLetterOrDigit returns true. NULL, TRUE, and FALSE. NOT, AND, OR, BETWEEN, LIKE, IN, IS, or ESCAPE. NULL. myMessage.setStringProperty("NumberOfOrders", "2"); The following expression in a message selector would evaluate to false, because a string cannot be used in an arithmetic expression: "NumberOfOrders > 1"
JMSDeliveryMode, JMSPriority, JMSMessageID, JMSTimestamp, JMSCorrelationID, and JMSType. JMSMessageID, JMSCorrelationID, and JMSType values may be null and if so are treated as a NULL value. 'JMSX' is a JMS defined property name. 'JMS_' is a provider-specific property name. 'JMS' is an application-specific property name. true matches; a selector that evaluates to false or unknown does not match. () for ordering expression evaluation is supported. NOT, AND, OR =, >, >=, <, <=, <> (not equal) NULL, the value of the expression is unknown. = and <>. Two strings are equal if and only if they contain the same sequence of characters. +, - (unary) *, / (multiplication and division) +, - (addition and subtraction) arithmetic-expr1 [NOT] BETWEEN arithmetic-expr2 AND arithmetic-expr3 (comparison operator) "age BETWEEN 15 AND 19" is equivalent to "age >= 15 AND age <= 19" "age NOT BETWEEN 15 AND 19" is equivalent to "age < 15 OR age > 19" identifier [NOT] IN (string-literal1, string-literal2,...) (comparison operator where identifier has a String or NULL value) "Country IN (' UK', 'US', 'France')" is true for 'UK' and false for 'Peru'; it is equivalent to the expression "(Country = ' UK') OR (Country = ' US') OR (Country = ' France')" "Country NOT IN (' UK', 'US', 'France')" is false for 'UK' and true for 'Peru'; it is equivalent to the expression "NOT ((Country = ' UK') OR (Country = ' US') OR (Country = ' France'))" IN or NOT IN operation is NULL, the value of the operation is unknown. identifier [NOT] LIKE pattern-value [ESCAPE escape-character] (comparison operator, where identifier has a String value; pattern-value is a string literal where '_' stands for any single character; '%' stands for any sequence of characters, including the empty sequence; and all other characters stand for themselves. The optional escape-character is a single-character string literal whose character is used to escape the special meaning of the '_' and '%' in pattern-value.) "phone LIKE '12%3'" is true for '123' or '12993' and false for '1234' "word LIKE 'l_se'" is true for 'lose' and false for 'loose' "underscored LIKE '\_%' ESCAPE '\'" is true for '_foo' and false for 'bar' "phone NOT LIKE '12%3'" is false for '123' or '12993' and true for '1234' identifier of a LIKE or NOT LIKE operation is NULL, the value of the operation is unknown. identifier IS NULL (comparison operator that tests for a null header field value or a missing property value) "prop_name IS NULL" identifier IS NOT NULL (comparison operator that tests for the existence of a non-null header field value or a property value) "prop_name IS NOT NULL" JMS providers are required to verify the syntactic correctness of a message selector at the time it is presented. A method that provides a syntactically incorrect selector must result in a JMSException. JMS providers may also optionally provide some semantic checking at the time the selector is presented. Not all semantic checking can be performed at the time a message selector is presented, because property types are not known.
The following message selector selects messages with a message type of car and color of blue and weight greater than 2500 pounds:
"JMSType = 'car' AND color = 'blue' AND weight > 2500"
As noted above, property values may be NULL. The evaluation of selector expressions containing NULL values is defined by SQL92 NULL semantics. A brief description of these semantics is provided here.
SQL treats a NULL value as unknown. Comparison or arithmetic with an unknown value always yields an unknown value.
The IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators convert an unknown value into the respective TRUE and FALSE values.
The boolean operators use three-valued logic as defined by the following tables:
The definition of the AND operator
| AND | T | F | U +------+-------+-------+------- | T | T | F | U | F | F | F | F | U | U | F | U +------+-------+-------+-------
The definition of the OR operator
| OR | T | F | U +------+-------+-------+-------- | T | T | T | T | F | T | F | U | U | T | U | U +------+-------+-------+-------
The definition of the NOT operator
| NOT +------+------ | T | F | F | T | U | U +------+-------
When used in a message selector, the JMSDeliveryMode header field is treated as having the values 'PERSISTENT' and 'NON_PERSISTENT'.
Date and time values should use the standard long millisecond value. When a date or time literal is included in a message selector, it should be an integer literal for a millisecond value. The standard way to produce millisecond values is to use java.util.Calendar.
Although SQL supports fixed decimal comparison and arithmetic, JMS message selectors do not. This is the reason for restricting exact numeric literals to those without a decimal (and the addition of numerics with a decimal as an alternate representation for approximate numeric values).
SQL comments are not supported. @version $Revision: 1.34 $ @see javax.jms.MessageConsumer#receive() @see javax.jms.MessageConsumer#receive(long) @see javax.jms.MessageConsumer#receiveNoWait() @see javax.jms.MessageListener#onMessage(Message) @see javax.jms.BytesMessage @see javax.jms.MapMessage @see javax.jms.ObjectMessage @see javax.jms.StreamMessage @see javax.jms.TextMessage
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