Package org.aspectj.util

Source Code of org.aspectj.util.LangUtil

/* *******************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Xerox Corporation,
*               2002 Palo Alto Research Center, Incorporated (PARC).
* All rights reserved.
* This program and the accompanying materials are made available
* under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
* which accompanies this distribution and is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
* Contributors:
*     Xerox/PARC     initial implementation
* ******************************************************************/
package org.aspectj.util;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.BitSet;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

/**
*
*/
public class LangUtil {

  public static final String EOL;

  private static double vmVersion;

  static {
    StringWriter buf = new StringWriter();
    PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(buf);
    writer.println("");
    String eol = "\n";
    try {
      buf.close();
      StringBuffer sb = buf.getBuffer();
      if (sb != null) {
        eol = buf.toString();
      }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
    }
    EOL = eol;
  }

  static {
    try {
      String vm = System.getProperty("java.version"); // JLS 20.18.7
      if (vm == null) {
        vm = System.getProperty("java.runtime.version");
      }
      if (vm == null) {
        vm = System.getProperty("java.vm.version");
      }
      if (vm == null) {
        new RuntimeException(
            "System properties appear damaged, cannot find: java.version/java.runtime.version/java.vm.version")
            .printStackTrace(System.err);
        vmVersion = 1.5;
      } else {
        try {
          String versionString = vm.substring(0, 3);
          Double temp = new Double(Double.parseDouble(versionString));
          vmVersion = temp.floatValue();
        } catch (Exception e) {
          vmVersion = 1.4;
        }
      }
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      new RuntimeException(
          "System properties appear damaged, cannot find: java.version/java.runtime.version/java.vm.version", t)
          .printStackTrace(System.err);
      vmVersion = 1.5;
    }
  }

  public static boolean is13VMOrGreater() {
    return 1.3 <= vmVersion;
  }

  public static boolean is14VMOrGreater() {
    return 1.4 <= vmVersion;
  }

  public static boolean is15VMOrGreater() {
    return 1.5 <= vmVersion;
  }

  public static boolean is16VMOrGreater() {
    return 1.6 <= vmVersion;
  }

  public static boolean is17VMOrGreater() {
    return 1.7 <= vmVersion;
  }

  /**
   * Shorthand for "if null, throw IllegalArgumentException"
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException "null {name}" if o is null
   */
  public static final void throwIaxIfNull(final Object o, final String name) {
    if (null == o) {
      String message = "null " + (null == name ? "input" : name);
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Shorthand for "if not null or not assignable, throw IllegalArgumentException"
   *
   * @param c the Class to check - use null to ignore type check
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException "null {name}" if o is null
   */
  public static final void throwIaxIfNotAssignable(final Object ra[], final Class c, final String name) {
    throwIaxIfNull(ra, name);
    String label = (null == name ? "input" : name);
    for (int i = 0; i < ra.length; i++) {
      if (null == ra[i]) {
        String m = " null " + label + "[" + i + "]";
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(m);
      } else if (null != c) {
        Class actualClass = ra[i].getClass();
        if (!c.isAssignableFrom(actualClass)) {
          String message = label + " not assignable to " + c.getName();
          throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Shorthand for "if not null or not assignable, throw IllegalArgumentException"
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException "null {name}" if o is null
   */
  public static final void throwIaxIfNotAssignable(final Object o, final Class c, final String name) {
    throwIaxIfNull(o, name);
    if (null != c) {
      Class actualClass = o.getClass();
      if (!c.isAssignableFrom(actualClass)) {
        String message = name + " not assignable to " + c.getName();
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
      }
    }
  }

  // /**
  // * Shorthand for
  // "if any not null or not assignable, throw IllegalArgumentException"
  // * @throws IllegalArgumentException "{name} is not assignable to {c}"
  // */
  // public static final void throwIaxIfNotAllAssignable(final Collection
  // collection,
  // final Class c, final String name) {
  // throwIaxIfNull(collection, name);
  // if (null != c) {
  // for (Iterator iter = collection.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
  // throwIaxIfNotAssignable(iter.next(), c, name);
  //       
  // }
  // }
  // }
  /**
   * Shorthand for "if false, throw IllegalArgumentException"
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException "{message}" if test is false
   */
  public static final void throwIaxIfFalse(final boolean test, final String message) {
    if (!test) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
    }
  }

  // /** @return ((null == s) || (0 == s.trim().length())); */
  // public static boolean isEmptyTrimmed(String s) {
  // return ((null == s) || (0 == s.length())
  // || (0 == s.trim().length()));
  // }

  /** @return ((null == s) || (0 == s.length())); */
  public static boolean isEmpty(String s) {
    return ((null == s) || (0 == s.length()));
  }

  /** @return ((null == ra) || (0 == ra.length)) */
  public static boolean isEmpty(Object[] ra) {
    return ((null == ra) || (0 == ra.length));
  }

  /** @return ((null == collection) || (0 == collection.size())) */
  public static boolean isEmpty(Collection collection) {
    return ((null == collection) || (0 == collection.size()));
  }

  /**
   * Splits <code>text</code> at whitespace.
   *
   * @param text <code>String</code> to split.
   */
  public static String[] split(String text) {
    return (String[]) strings(text).toArray(new String[0]);
  }

  /**
   * Splits <code>input</code> at commas, trimming any white space.
   *
   * @param input <code>String</code> to split.
   * @return List of String of elements.
   */
  public static List commaSplit(String input) {
    return anySplit(input, ",");
  }

  /**
   * Split string as classpath, delimited at File.pathSeparator. Entries are not trimmed, but empty entries are ignored.
   *
   * @param classpath the String to split - may be null or empty
   * @return String[] of classpath entries
   */
  public static String[] splitClasspath(String classpath) {
    if (LangUtil.isEmpty(classpath)) {
      return new String[0];
    }
    StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(classpath, File.pathSeparator);
    ArrayList result = new ArrayList(st.countTokens());
    while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
      String entry = st.nextToken();
      if (!LangUtil.isEmpty(entry)) {
        result.add(entry);
      }
    }
    return (String[]) result.toArray(new String[0]);
  }

  /**
   * Get System property as boolean, but use default value where the system property is not set.
   *
   * @return true if value is set to true, false otherwise
   */
  public static boolean getBoolean(String propertyName, boolean defaultValue) {
    if (null != propertyName) {
      try {
        String value = System.getProperty(propertyName);
        if (null != value) {
          return Boolean.valueOf(value).booleanValue();
        }
      } catch (Throwable t) {
        // default below
      }
    }
    return defaultValue;
  }

  /**
   * Splits <code>input</code>, removing delimiter and trimming any white space. Returns an empty collection if the input is null.
   * If delimiter is null or empty or if the input contains no delimiters, the input itself is returned after trimming white
   * space.
   *
   * @param input <code>String</code> to split.
   * @param delim <code>String</code> separators for input.
   * @return List of String of elements.
   */
  public static List anySplit(String input, String delim) {
    if (null == input) {
      return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
    }
    ArrayList result = new ArrayList();

    if (LangUtil.isEmpty(delim) || (-1 == input.indexOf(delim))) {
      result.add(input.trim());
    } else {
      StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(input, delim);
      while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
        result.add(st.nextToken().trim());
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Splits strings into a <code>List</code> using a <code>StringTokenizer</code>.
   *
   * @param text <code>String</code> to split.
   */
  public static List strings(String text) {
    if (LangUtil.isEmpty(text)) {
      return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
    }
    List strings = new ArrayList();
    StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(text);
    while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
      strings.add(tok.nextToken());
    }
    return strings;
  }

  /** @return a non-null unmodifiable List */
  public static List safeList(List list) {
    return (null == list ? Collections.EMPTY_LIST : Collections.unmodifiableList(list));
  }

  // /**
  // * Select from input String[] based on suffix-matching
  // * @param inputs String[] of input - null ignored
  // * @param suffixes String[] of suffix selectors - null ignored
  // * @param ignoreCase if true, ignore case
  // * @return String[] of input that end with any input
  // */
  // public static String[] endsWith(String[] inputs, String[] suffixes,
  // boolean ignoreCase) {
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(inputs) || LangUtil.isEmpty(suffixes)) {
  // return new String[0];
  // }
  // if (ignoreCase) {
  // String[] temp = new String[suffixes.length];
  // for (int i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) {
  // String suff = suffixes[i];
  // temp[i] = (null == suff ? null : suff.toLowerCase());
  // }
  // suffixes = temp;
  // }
  // ArrayList result = new ArrayList();
  // for (int i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {
  // String input = inputs[i];
  // if (null == input) {
  // continue;
  // }
  // if (!ignoreCase) {
  // input = input.toLowerCase();
  // }
  // for (int j = 0; j < suffixes.length; j++) {
  // String suffix = suffixes[j];
  // if (null == suffix) {
  // continue;
  // }
  // if (input.endsWith(suffix)) {
  // result.add(input);
  // break;
  // }
  // }
  // }
  // return (String[]) result.toArray(new String[0]);
  // }
  //   
  // /**
  // * Select from input String[] if readable directories
  // * @param inputs String[] of input - null ignored
  // * @param baseDir the base directory of the input
  // * @return String[] of input that end with any input
  // */
  // public static String[] selectDirectories(String[] inputs, File baseDir) {
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(inputs)) {
  // return new String[0];
  // }
  // ArrayList result = new ArrayList();
  // for (int i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {
  // String input = inputs[i];
  // if (null == input) {
  // continue;
  // }
  // File inputFile = new File(baseDir, input);
  // if (inputFile.canRead() && inputFile.isDirectory()) {
  // result.add(input);
  // }
  // }
  // return (String[]) result.toArray(new String[0]);
  // }

  /**
   * copy non-null two-dimensional String[][]
   *
   * @see extractOptions(String[], String[][])
   */
  public static String[][] copyStrings(String[][] in) {
    String[][] out = new String[in.length][];
    for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
      out[i] = new String[in[i].length];
      System.arraycopy(in[i], 0, out[i], 0, out[i].length);
    }
    return out;
  }

  /**
   * Extract options and arguments to input option list, returning remainder. The input options will be nullified if not found.
   * e.g.,
   *
   * <pre>
   * String[] options = new String[][] { new String[] { &quot;-verbose&quot; }, new String[] { &quot;-classpath&quot;, null } };
   * String[] args = extractOptions(args, options);
   * boolean verbose = null != options[0][0];
   * boolean classpath = options[1][1];
   * </pre>
   *
   * @param args the String[] input options
   * @param options the String[][]options to find in the input args - not null for each String[] component the first subcomponent
   *        is the option itself, and there is one String subcomponent for each additional argument.
   * @return String[] of args remaining after extracting options to extracted
   */
  public static String[] extractOptions(String[] args, String[][] options) {
    if (LangUtil.isEmpty(args) || LangUtil.isEmpty(options)) {
      return args;
    }
    BitSet foundSet = new BitSet();
    String[] result = new String[args.length];
    int resultIndex = 0;
    for (int j = 0; j < args.length; j++) {
      boolean found = false;
      for (int i = 0; !found && (i < options.length); i++) {
        String[] option = options[i];
        LangUtil.throwIaxIfFalse(!LangUtil.isEmpty(option), "options");
        String sought = option[0];
        found = sought.equals(args[j]);
        if (found) {
          foundSet.set(i);
          int doMore = option.length - 1;
          if (0 < doMore) {
            final int MAX = j + doMore;
            if (MAX >= args.length) {
              String s = "expecting " + doMore + " args after ";
              throw new IllegalArgumentException(s + args[j]);
            }
            for (int k = 1; k < option.length; k++) {
              option[k] = args[++j];
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (!found) {
        result[resultIndex++] = args[j];
      }
    }

    // unset any not found
    for (int i = 0; i < options.length; i++) {
      if (!foundSet.get(i)) {
        options[i][0] = null;
      }
    }
    // fixup remainder
    if (resultIndex < args.length) {
      String[] temp = new String[resultIndex];
      System.arraycopy(result, 0, temp, 0, resultIndex);
      args = temp;
    }

    return args;
  }

  //   
  // /**
  // * Extract options and arguments to input parameter list, returning
  // remainder.
  // * @param args the String[] input options
  // * @param validOptions the String[] options to find in the input args -
  // not null
  // * @param optionArgs the int[] number of arguments for each option in
  // validOptions
  // * (if null, then no arguments for any option)
  // * @param extracted the List for the matched options
  // * @return String[] of args remaining after extracting options to
  // extracted
  // */
  // public static String[] extractOptions(String[] args, String[]
  // validOptions,
  // int[] optionArgs, List extracted) {
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(args)
  // || LangUtil.isEmpty(validOptions) ) {
  // return args;
  // }
  // if (null != optionArgs) {
  // if (optionArgs.length != validOptions.length) {
  // throw new IllegalArgumentException("args must match options");
  // }
  // }
  // String[] result = new String[args.length];
  // int resultIndex = 0;
  // for (int j = 0; j < args.length; j++) {
  // boolean found = false;
  // for (int i = 0; !found && (i < validOptions.length); i++) {
  // String sought = validOptions[i];
  // int doMore = (null == optionArgs ? 0 : optionArgs[i]);
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(sought)) {
  // continue;
  // }
  // found = sought.equals(args[j]);
  // if (found) {
  // if (null != extracted) {
  // extracted.add(sought);
  // }
  // if (0 < doMore) {
  // final int MAX = j + doMore;
  // if (MAX >= args.length) {
  // String s = "expecting " + doMore + " args after ";
  // throw new IllegalArgumentException(s + args[j]);
  // }
  // if (null != extracted) {
  // while (j < MAX) {
  // extracted.add(args[++j]);
  // }
  // } else {
  // j = MAX;
  // }
  // }
  // break;
  // }
  // }
  // if (!found) {
  // result[resultIndex++] = args[j];
  // }
  // }
  // if (resultIndex < args.length) {
  // String[] temp = new String[resultIndex];
  // System.arraycopy(result, 0, temp, 0, resultIndex);
  // args = temp;
  // }
  // return args;
  // }

  // /** @return String[] of entries in validOptions found in args */
  // public static String[] selectOptions(String[] args, String[]
  // validOptions) {
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(args) || LangUtil.isEmpty(validOptions)) {
  // return new String[0];
  // }
  // ArrayList result = new ArrayList();
  // for (int i = 0; i < validOptions.length; i++) {
  // String sought = validOptions[i];
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(sought)) {
  // continue;
  // }
  // for (int j = 0; j < args.length; j++) {
  // if (sought.equals(args[j])) {
  // result.add(sought);
  // break;
  // }
  // }
  // }
  // return (String[]) result.toArray(new String[0]);
  // }

  // /** @return String[] of entries in validOptions found in args */
  // public static String[] selectOptions(List args, String[] validOptions) {
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(args) || LangUtil.isEmpty(validOptions)) {
  // return new String[0];
  // }
  // ArrayList result = new ArrayList();
  // for (int i = 0; i < validOptions.length; i++) {
  // String sought = validOptions[i];
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(sought)) {
  // continue;
  // }
  // for (Iterator iter = args.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
  // String arg = (String) iter.next();
  // if (sought.equals(arg)) {
  // result.add(sought);
  // break;
  // }
  // }
  // }
  // return (String[]) result.toArray(new String[0]);
  // }

  // /**
  // * Generate variants of String[] options by creating an extra set for
  // * each option that ends with "-". If none end with "-", then an
  // * array equal to <code>new String[][] { options }</code> is returned;
  // * if one ends with "-", then two sets are returned,
  // * three causes eight sets, etc.
  // * @return String[][] with each option set.
  // * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any option is null or empty.
  // */
  // public static String[][] optionVariants(String[] options) {
  // if ((null == options) || (0 == options.length)) {
  // return new String[][] { new String[0]};
  // }
  // // be nice, don't stomp input
  // String[] temp = new String[options.length];
  // System.arraycopy(options, 0, temp, 0, temp.length);
  // options = temp;
  // boolean[] dup = new boolean[options.length];
  // int numDups = 0;
  //       
  // for (int i = 0; i < options.length; i++) {
  // String option = options[i];
  // if (LangUtil.isEmpty(option)) {
  // throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty option at " + i);
  // }
  // if (option.endsWith("-")) {
  // options[i] = option.substring(0, option.length()-1);
  // dup[i] = true;
  // numDups++;
  // }
  // }
  // final String[] NONE = new String[0];
  // final int variants = exp(2, numDups);
  // final String[][] result = new String[variants][];
  // // variant is a bitmap wrt doing extra value when dup[k]=true
  // for (int variant = 0; variant < variants; variant++) {
  // ArrayList next = new ArrayList();
  // int nextOption = 0;
  // for (int k = 0; k < options.length; k++) {
  // if (!dup[k] || (0 != (variant & (1 << (nextOption++))))) {
  // next.add(options[k]);
  // }
  // }
  // result[variant] = (String[]) next.toArray(NONE);
  // }
  // return result;
  // }
  //   
  // private static int exp(int base, int power) { // not in Math?
  // if (0 > power) {
  // throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative power: " + power);
  // }
  // int result = 1;
  // while (0 < power--) {
  // result *= base;
  // }
  // return result;
  // }

  // /**
  // * Make a copy of the array.
  // * @return an array with the same component type as source
  // * containing same elements, even if null.
  // * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source is null
  // */
  // public static final Object[] copy(Object[] source) {
  // LangUtil.throwIaxIfNull(source, "source");
  // final Class c = source.getClass().getComponentType();
  // Object[] result = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(c, source.length);
  // System.arraycopy(source, 0, result, 0, result.length);
  // return result;
  // }

  /**
   * Convert arrays safely. The number of elements in the result will be 1 smaller for each element that is null or not
   * assignable. This will use sink if it has exactly the right size. The result will always have the same component type as sink.
   *
   * @return an array with the same component type as sink containing any assignable elements in source (in the same order).
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either is null
   */
  public static Object[] safeCopy(Object[] source, Object[] sink) {
    final Class sinkType = (null == sink ? Object.class : sink.getClass().getComponentType());
    final int sourceLength = (null == source ? 0 : source.length);
    final int sinkLength = (null == sink ? 0 : sink.length);

    final int resultSize;
    ArrayList result = null;
    if (0 == sourceLength) {
      resultSize = 0;
    } else {
      result = new ArrayList(sourceLength);
      for (int i = 0; i < sourceLength; i++) {
        if ((null != source[i]) && (sinkType.isAssignableFrom(source[i].getClass()))) {
          result.add(source[i]);
        }
      }
      resultSize = result.size();
    }
    if (resultSize != sinkLength) {
      sink = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(sinkType, result.size());
    }
    if (0 < resultSize) {
      sink = result.toArray(sink);
    }
    return sink;
  }

  /**
   * @return a String with the unqualified class name of the class (or "null")
   */
  public static String unqualifiedClassName(Class c) {
    if (null == c) {
      return "null";
    }
    String name = c.getName();
    int loc = name.lastIndexOf(".");
    if (-1 != loc) {
      name = name.substring(1 + loc);
    }
    return name;
  }

  /**
   * @return a String with the unqualified class name of the object (or "null")
   */
  public static String unqualifiedClassName(Object o) {
    return LangUtil.unqualifiedClassName(null == o ? null : o.getClass());
  }

  /** inefficient way to replace all instances of sought with replace */
  public static String replace(String in, String sought, String replace) {
    if (LangUtil.isEmpty(in) || LangUtil.isEmpty(sought)) {
      return in;
    }
    StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
    final int len = sought.length();
    int start = 0;
    int loc;
    while (-1 != (loc = in.indexOf(sought, start))) {
      result.append(in.substring(start, loc));
      if (!LangUtil.isEmpty(replace)) {
        result.append(replace);
      }
      start = loc + len;
    }
    result.append(in.substring(start));
    return result.toString();
  }

  /** render i right-justified with a given width less than about 40 */
  public static String toSizedString(long i, int width) {
    String result = "" + i;
    int size = result.length();
    if (width > size) {
      final String pad = "                                              ";
      final int padLength = pad.length();
      if (width > padLength) {
        width = padLength;
      }
      int topad = width - size;
      result = pad.substring(0, topad) + result;
    }
    return result;
  }

  // /** clip StringBuffer to maximum number of lines */
  // static String clipBuffer(StringBuffer buffer, int maxLines) {
  // if ((null == buffer) || (1 > buffer.length())) return "";
  // StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
  // int j = 0;
  // final int MAX = maxLines;
  // final int N = buffer.length();
  // for (int i = 0, srcBegin = 0; i < MAX; srcBegin += j) {
  // // todo: replace with String variant if/since getting char?
  // char[] chars = new char[128];
  // int srcEnd = srcBegin+chars.length;
  // if (srcEnd >= N) {
  // srcEnd = N-1;
  // }
  // if (srcBegin == srcEnd) break;
  // //log("srcBegin:" + srcBegin + ":srcEnd:" + srcEnd);
  // buffer.getChars(srcBegin, srcEnd, chars, 0);
  // for (j = 0; j < srcEnd-srcBegin/*chars.length*/; j++) {
  // char c = chars[j];
  // if (c == '\n') {
  // i++;
  // j++;
  // break;
  // }
  // }
  // try { result.append(chars, 0, j); }
  // catch (Throwable t) { }
  // }
  // return result.toString();
  // }

  /**
   * @return "({UnqualifiedExceptionClass}) {message}"
   */
  public static String renderExceptionShort(Throwable e) {
    if (null == e) {
      return "(Throwable) null";
    }
    return "(" + LangUtil.unqualifiedClassName(e) + ") " + e.getMessage();
  }

  /**
   * Renders exception <code>t</code> after unwrapping and eliding any test packages.
   *
   * @param t <code>Throwable</code> to print.
   * @see #maxStackTrace
   */
  public static String renderException(Throwable t) {
    return renderException(t, true);
  }

  /**
   * Renders exception <code>t</code>, unwrapping, optionally eliding and limiting total number of lines.
   *
   * @param t <code>Throwable</code> to print.
   * @param elide true to limit to 100 lines and elide test packages
   * @see StringChecker#TEST_PACKAGES
   */
  public static String renderException(Throwable t, boolean elide) {
    if (null == t) {
      return "null throwable";
    }
    t = unwrapException(t);
    StringBuffer stack = stackToString(t, false);
    if (elide) {
      elideEndingLines(StringChecker.TEST_PACKAGES, stack, 100);
    }
    return stack.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Trim ending lines from a StringBuffer, clipping to maxLines and further removing any number of trailing lines accepted by
   * checker.
   *
   * @param checker returns true if trailing line should be elided.
   * @param stack StringBuffer with lines to elide
   * @param maxLines int for maximum number of resulting lines
   */
  static void elideEndingLines(StringChecker checker, StringBuffer stack, int maxLines) {
    if (null == checker || (null == stack) || (0 == stack.length())) {
      return;
    }
    final LinkedList lines = new LinkedList();
    StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(stack.toString(), "\n\r");
    while (st.hasMoreTokens() && (0 < --maxLines)) {
      lines.add(st.nextToken());
    }
    st = null;

    String line;
    int elided = 0;
    while (!lines.isEmpty()) {
      line = (String) lines.getLast();
      if (!checker.acceptString(line)) {
        break;
      } else {
        elided++;
        lines.removeLast();
      }
    }
    if ((elided > 0) || (maxLines < 1)) {
      final int EOL_LEN = EOL.length();
      int totalLength = 0;
      while (!lines.isEmpty()) {
        totalLength += EOL_LEN + ((String) lines.getFirst()).length();
        lines.removeFirst();
      }
      if (stack.length() > totalLength) {
        stack.setLength(totalLength);
        if (elided > 0) {
          stack.append("    (... " + elided + " lines...)");
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /** Dump message and stack to StringBuffer. */
  public static StringBuffer stackToString(Throwable throwable, boolean skipMessage) {
    if (null == throwable) {
      return new StringBuffer();
    }
    StringWriter buf = new StringWriter();
    PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(buf);
    if (!skipMessage) {
      writer.println(throwable.getMessage());
    }
    throwable.printStackTrace(writer);
    try {
      buf.close();
    } catch (IOException ioe) {
    } // ignored
    return buf.getBuffer();
  }

  /** @return Throwable input or tail of any wrapped exception chain */
  public static Throwable unwrapException(Throwable t) {
    Throwable current = t;
    Throwable next = null;
    while (current != null) {
      // Java 1.2 exceptions that carry exceptions
      if (current instanceof InvocationTargetException) {
        next = ((InvocationTargetException) current).getTargetException();
      } else if (current instanceof ClassNotFoundException) {
        next = ((ClassNotFoundException) current).getException();
      } else if (current instanceof ExceptionInInitializerError) {
        next = ((ExceptionInInitializerError) current).getException();
      } else if (current instanceof PrivilegedActionException) {
        next = ((PrivilegedActionException) current).getException();
      } else if (current instanceof SQLException) {
        next = ((SQLException) current).getNextException();
      }
      // ...getException():
      // javax.naming.event.NamingExceptionEvent
      // javax.naming.ldap.UnsolicitedNotification
      // javax.xml.parsers.FactoryConfigurationError
      // javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactoryConfigurationError
      // javax.xml.transform.TransformerException
      // org.xml.sax.SAXException
      // 1.4: Throwable.getCause
      // java.util.logging.LogRecord.getThrown()
      if (null == next) {
        break;
      } else {
        current = next;
        next = null;
      }
    }
    return current;
  }

  /**
   * Replacement for Arrays.asList(..) which gacks on null and returns a List in which remove is an unsupported operation.
   *
   * @param array the Object[] to convert (may be null)
   * @return the List corresponding to array (never null)
   */
  public static List arrayAsList(Object[] array) {
    if ((null == array) || (1 > array.length)) {
      return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
    }
    ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
    list.addAll(Arrays.asList(array));
    return list;
  }

  /** check if input contains any packages to elide. */
  public static class StringChecker {
    static StringChecker TEST_PACKAGES = new StringChecker(new String[] { "org.aspectj.testing",
        "org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit", "junit.framework.",
        "org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner" });

    String[] infixes;

    /** @param infixes adopted */
    StringChecker(String[] infixes) {
      this.infixes = infixes;
    }

    /** @return true if input contains infixes */
    public boolean acceptString(String input) {
      boolean result = false;
      if (!LangUtil.isEmpty(input)) {
        for (int i = 0; !result && (i < infixes.length); i++) {
          result = (-1 != input.indexOf(infixes[i]));
        }
      }
      return result;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Gen classpath.
   *
   * @param bootclasspath
   * @param classpath
   * @param classesDir
   * @param outputJar
   * @return String combining classpath elements
   */
  public static String makeClasspath( // XXX dumb implementation
      String bootclasspath, String classpath, String classesDir, String outputJar) {
    StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
    addIfNotEmpty(bootclasspath, sb, File.pathSeparator);
    addIfNotEmpty(classpath, sb, File.pathSeparator);
    if (!addIfNotEmpty(classesDir, sb, File.pathSeparator)) {
      addIfNotEmpty(outputJar, sb, File.pathSeparator);
    }
    return sb.toString();
  }

  /**
   * @param input ignored if null
   * @param sink the StringBuffer to add input to - return false if null
   * @param delimiter the String to append to input when added - ignored if empty
   * @return true if input + delimiter added to sink
   */
  private static boolean addIfNotEmpty(String input, StringBuffer sink, String delimiter) {
    if (LangUtil.isEmpty(input) || (null == sink)) {
      return false;
    }
    sink.append(input);
    if (!LangUtil.isEmpty(delimiter)) {
      sink.append(delimiter);
    }
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Create or initialize a process controller to run a process in another VM asynchronously.
   *
   * @param controller the ProcessController to initialize, if not null
   * @param classpath
   * @param mainClass
   * @param args
   * @return initialized ProcessController
   */
  public static ProcessController makeProcess(ProcessController controller, String classpath, String mainClass, String[] args) {
    File java = LangUtil.getJavaExecutable();
    ArrayList cmd = new ArrayList();
    cmd.add(java.getAbsolutePath());
    cmd.add("-classpath");
    cmd.add(classpath);
    cmd.add(mainClass);
    if (!LangUtil.isEmpty(args)) {
      cmd.addAll(Arrays.asList(args));
    }
    String[] command = (String[]) cmd.toArray(new String[0]);
    if (null == controller) {
      controller = new ProcessController();
    }
    controller.init(command, mainClass);
    return controller;
  }

  // /**
  // * Create a process to run asynchronously.
  // * @param controller if not null, initialize this one
  // * @param command the String[] command to run
  // * @param controller the ProcessControl for streams and results
  // */
  // public static ProcessController makeProcess( // not needed?
  // ProcessController controller,
  // String[] command,
  // String label) {
  // if (null == controller) {
  // controller = new ProcessController();
  // }
  // controller.init(command, label);
  // return controller;
  // }

  /**
   * Find java executable File path from java.home system property.
   *
   * @return File associated with the java command, or null if not found.
   */
  public static File getJavaExecutable() {
    String javaHome = null;
    File result = null;
    // java.home
    // java.class.path
    // java.ext.dirs
    try {
      javaHome = System.getProperty("java.home");
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      // ignore
    }
    if (null != javaHome) {
      File binDir = new File(javaHome, "bin");
      if (binDir.isDirectory() && binDir.canRead()) {
        String[] execs = new String[] { "java", "java.exe" };
        for (int i = 0; i < execs.length; i++) {
          result = new File(binDir, execs[i]);
          if (result.canRead()) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  // /**
  // * Sleep for a particular period (in milliseconds).
  // *
  // * @param time the long time in milliseconds to sleep
  // * @return true if delay succeeded, false if interrupted 100 times
  // */
  // public static boolean sleep(long milliseconds) {
  // if (milliseconds == 0) {
  // return true;
  // } else if (milliseconds < 0) {
  // throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative: " + milliseconds);
  // }
  // return sleepUntil(milliseconds + System.currentTimeMillis());
  // }

  /**
   * Sleep until a particular time.
   *
   * @param time the long time in milliseconds to sleep until
   * @return true if delay succeeded, false if interrupted 100 times
   */
  public static boolean sleepUntil(long time) {
    if (time == 0) {
      return true;
    } else if (time < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative: " + time);
    }
    // final Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
    long curTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    for (int i = 0; (i < 100) && (curTime < time); i++) {
      try {
        Thread.sleep(time - curTime);
      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        // ignore
      }
      curTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    }
    return (curTime >= time);
  }

  /**
   * Handle an external process asynchrously. <code>start()</code> launches a main thread to wait for the process and pipes
   * streams (in child threads) through to the corresponding streams (e.g., the process System.err to this System.err). This can
   * complete normally, by exception, or on demand by a client. Clients can implement <code>doCompleting(..)</code> to get notice
   * when the process completes.
   * <p>
   * The following sample code creates a process with a completion callback starts it, and some time later retries the process.
   *
   * <pre>
   * LangUtil.ProcessController controller = new LangUtil.ProcessController() {
   *   protected void doCompleting(LangUtil.ProcessController.Thrown thrown, int result) {
   *     // signal result
   *   }
   * };
   * controller.init(new String[] { &quot;java&quot;, &quot;-version&quot; }, &quot;java version&quot;);
   * controller.start();
   * // some time later...
   * // retry...
   * if (!controller.completed()) {
   *   controller.stop();
   *   controller.reinit();
   *   controller.start();
   * }
   * </pre>
   *
   * <u>warning</u>: Currently this does not close the input or output streams, since doing so prevents their use later.
   */
  public static class ProcessController {
    /*
     * XXX not verified thread-safe, but should be. Known problems: - user stops (completed = true) then exception thrown from
     * destroying process (stop() expects !completed) ...
     */
    private String[] command;
    private String[] envp;
    private String label;

    private boolean init;
    private boolean started;
    private boolean completed;
    /** if true, stopped by user when not completed */
    private boolean userStopped;

    private Process process;
    private FileUtil.Pipe errStream;
    private FileUtil.Pipe outStream;
    private FileUtil.Pipe inStream;
    private ByteArrayOutputStream errSnoop;
    private ByteArrayOutputStream outSnoop;

    private int result;
    private Thrown thrown;

    public ProcessController() {
    }

    /**
     * Permit re-running using the same command if this is not started or if completed. Can also call this when done with
     * results to release references associated with results (e.g., stack traces).
     */
    public final void reinit() {
      if (!init) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("must init(..) before reinit()");
      }
      if (started && !completed) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("not completed - do stop()");
      }
      // init everything but command and label
      started = false;
      completed = false;
      result = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
      thrown = null;
      process = null;
      errStream = null;
      outStream = null;
      inStream = null;
    }

    public final void init(String classpath, String mainClass, String[] args) {
      init(LangUtil.getJavaExecutable(), classpath, mainClass, args);
    }

    public final void init(File java, String classpath, String mainClass, String[] args) {
      LangUtil.throwIaxIfNull(java, "java");
      LangUtil.throwIaxIfNull(mainClass, "mainClass");
      LangUtil.throwIaxIfNull(args, "args");
      ArrayList cmd = new ArrayList();
      cmd.add(java.getAbsolutePath());
      cmd.add("-classpath");
      cmd.add(classpath);
      cmd.add(mainClass);
      if (!LangUtil.isEmpty(args)) {
        cmd.addAll(Arrays.asList(args));
      }
      init((String[]) cmd.toArray(new String[0]), mainClass);
    }

    public final void init(String[] command, String label) {
      this.command = (String[]) LangUtil.safeCopy(command, new String[0]);
      if (1 > this.command.length) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty command");
      }
      this.label = LangUtil.isEmpty(label) ? command[0] : label;
      init = true;
      reinit();
    }

    public final void setEnvp(String[] envp) {
      this.envp = (String[]) LangUtil.safeCopy(envp, new String[0]);
      if (1 > this.envp.length) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty envp");
      }
    }

    public final void setErrSnoop(ByteArrayOutputStream snoop) {
      errSnoop = snoop;
      if (null != errStream) {
        errStream.setSnoop(errSnoop);
      }
    }

    public final void setOutSnoop(ByteArrayOutputStream snoop) {
      outSnoop = snoop;
      if (null != outStream) {
        outStream.setSnoop(outSnoop);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Start running the process and pipes asynchronously.
     *
     * @return Thread started or null if unable to start thread (results available via <code>getThrown()</code>, etc.)
     */
    public final Thread start() {
      if (!init) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("not initialized");
      }
      synchronized (this) {
        if (started) {
          throw new IllegalStateException("already started");
        }
        started = true;
      }
      try {
        process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);
      } catch (IOException e) {
        stop(e, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
        return null;
      }
      errStream = new FileUtil.Pipe(process.getErrorStream(), System.err);
      if (null != errSnoop) {
        errStream.setSnoop(errSnoop);
      }
      outStream = new FileUtil.Pipe(process.getInputStream(), System.out);
      if (null != outSnoop) {
        outStream.setSnoop(outSnoop);
      }
      inStream = new FileUtil.Pipe(System.in, process.getOutputStream());
      // start 4 threads, process & pipes for in, err, out
      Runnable processRunner = new Runnable() {
        public void run() {
          Throwable thrown = null;
          int result = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
          try {
            // pipe threads are children
            new Thread(errStream).start();
            new Thread(outStream).start();
            new Thread(inStream).start();
            process.waitFor();
            result = process.exitValue();
          } catch (Throwable e) {
            thrown = e;
          } finally {
            stop(thrown, result);
          }
        }
      };
      Thread result = new Thread(processRunner, label);
      result.start();
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Destroy any process, stop any pipes. This waits for the pipes to clear (reading until no more input is available), but
     * does not wait for the input stream for the pipe to close (i.e., not waiting for end-of-file on input stream).
     */
    public final synchronized void stop() {
      if (completed) {
        return;
      }
      userStopped = true;
      stop(null, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
    }

    public final String[] getCommand() {
      String[] toCopy = command;
      if (LangUtil.isEmpty(toCopy)) {
        return new String[0];
      }
      String[] result = new String[toCopy.length];
      System.arraycopy(toCopy, 0, result, 0, result.length);
      return result;
    }

    public final boolean completed() {
      return completed;
    }

    public final boolean started() {
      return started;
    }

    public final boolean userStopped() {
      return userStopped;
    }

    /**
     * Get any Throwable thrown. Note that the process can complete normally (with a valid return value), at the same time the
     * pipes throw exceptions, and that this may return some exceptions even if the process is not complete.
     *
     * @return null if not complete or Thrown containing exceptions thrown by the process and streams.
     */
    public final Thrown getThrown() { // cache this
      return makeThrown(null);
    }

    public final int getResult() {
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Subclasses implement this to get synchronous notice of completion. All pipes and processes should be complete at this
     * time. To get the exceptions thrown for the pipes, use <code>getThrown()</code>. If there is an exception, the process
     * completed abruptly (including side-effects of the user halting the process). If <code>userStopped()</code> is true, then
     * some client asked that the process be destroyed using <code>stop()</code>. Otherwise, the result code should be the
     * result value returned by the process.
     *
     * @param thrown same as <code>getThrown().fromProcess</code>.
     * @param result same as <code>getResult()</code>
     * @see getThrown()
     * @see getResult()
     * @see stop()
     */
    protected void doCompleting(Thrown thrown, int result) {
    }

    /**
     * Handle termination (on-demand, abrupt, or normal) by destroying and/or halting process and pipes.
     *
     * @param thrown ignored if null
     * @param result ignored if Integer.MIN_VALUE
     */
    private final synchronized void stop(Throwable thrown, int result) {
      if (completed) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("already completed");
      } else if (null != this.thrown) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("already set thrown: " + thrown);
      }
      // assert null == this.thrown
      this.thrown = makeThrown(thrown);
      if (null != process) {
        process.destroy();
      }
      if (null != inStream) {
        inStream.halt(false, true); // this will block if waiting
        inStream = null;
      }
      if (null != outStream) {
        outStream.halt(true, true);
        outStream = null;
      }
      if (null != errStream) {
        errStream.halt(true, true);
        errStream = null;
      }
      if (Integer.MIN_VALUE != result) {
        this.result = result;
      }
      completed = true;
      doCompleting(this.thrown, result);
    }

    /**
     * Create snapshot of Throwable's thrown.
     *
     * @param thrown ignored if null or if this.thrown is not null
     */
    private final synchronized Thrown makeThrown(Throwable processThrown) {
      if (null != thrown) {
        return thrown;
      }
      return new Thrown(processThrown, (null == outStream ? null : outStream.getThrown()), (null == errStream ? null
          : errStream.getThrown()), (null == inStream ? null : inStream.getThrown()));
    }

    public static class Thrown {
      public final Throwable fromProcess;
      public final Throwable fromErrPipe;
      public final Throwable fromOutPipe;
      public final Throwable fromInPipe;
      /** true only if some Throwable is not null */
      public final boolean thrown;

      private Thrown(Throwable fromProcess, Throwable fromOutPipe, Throwable fromErrPipe, Throwable fromInPipe) {
        this.fromProcess = fromProcess;
        this.fromErrPipe = fromErrPipe;
        this.fromOutPipe = fromOutPipe;
        this.fromInPipe = fromInPipe;
        thrown = ((null != fromProcess) || (null != fromInPipe) || (null != fromOutPipe) || (null != fromErrPipe));
      }

      public String toString() {
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        append(sb, fromProcess, "process");
        append(sb, fromOutPipe, " stdout");
        append(sb, fromErrPipe, " stderr");
        append(sb, fromInPipe, "  stdin");
        if (0 == sb.length()) {
          return "Thrown (none)";
        } else {
          return sb.toString();
        }
      }

      private void append(StringBuffer sb, Throwable thrown, String label) {
        if (null != thrown) {
          sb.append("from " + label + ": ");
          sb.append(LangUtil.renderExceptionShort(thrown));
          sb.append(LangUtil.EOL);
        }
      }
    } // class Thrown
  }

}
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