/***
* ASM: a very small and fast Java bytecode manipulation framework
* Copyright (c) 2000-2007 INRIA, France Telecom
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
* THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package org.ow2.asm.commons;
import java.util.AbstractMap;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.BitSet;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import org.ow2.asm.Label;
import org.ow2.asm.MethodVisitor;
import org.ow2.asm.Opcodes;
import org.ow2.asm.Type;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.AbstractInsnNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.InsnList;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.InsnNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.JumpInsnNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.LabelNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.LookupSwitchInsnNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.MethodNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.TableSwitchInsnNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.TryCatchBlockNode;
import org.ow2.asm.tree.LocalVariableNode;
/**
* A {@link org.ow2.asm.MethodAdapter} that removes JSR instructions and
* inlines the referenced subroutines.
*
* <b>Explanation of how it works</b> TODO
*
* @author Niko Matsakis
*/
public class JSRInlinerAdapter extends MethodNode implements Opcodes {
private static final boolean LOGGING = false;
/**
* The visitor to which we will emit a translation of this method without
* internal subroutines.
*/
private final MethodVisitor mv;
/**
* For each label that is jumped to by a JSR, we create a BitSet
* instance.
*/
private final Map<LabelNode,BitSet> subroutineHeads = new HashMap<LabelNode,BitSet>();
/**
* This subroutine instance denotes the line of execution that is not
* contained within any subroutine; i.e., the "subroutine" that is executing
* when a method first begins.
*/
private final BitSet mainSubroutine = new BitSet();
/**
* This BitSet contains the index of every instruction that belongs to more
* than one subroutine. This should not happen often.
*/
final BitSet dualCitizens = new BitSet();
/**
* Creates a new JSRInliner.
*
* @param mv the <code>MethodVisitor</code> to send the resulting inlined
* method code to (use <code>null</code> for none).
* @param access the method's access flags (see {@link Opcodes}). This
* parameter also indicates if the method is synthetic and/or
* deprecated.
* @param name the method's name.
* @param desc the method's descriptor (see {@link Type}).
* @param signature the method's signature. May be <tt>null</tt>.
* @param exceptions the internal names of the method's exception classes
* (see {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}). May be
* <tt>null</tt>.
*/
public JSRInlinerAdapter(
final MethodVisitor mv,
final int access,
final String name,
final String desc,
final String signature,
final String[] exceptions)
{
super(access, name, desc, signature, exceptions);
this.mv = mv;
}
/**
* Detects a JSR instruction and sets a flag to indicate we will need to do
* inlining.
*/
@Override
public void visitJumpInsn(final int opcode, final Label lbl) {
super.visitJumpInsn(opcode, lbl);
LabelNode ln = ((JumpInsnNode) instructions.getLast()).label;
if (opcode == JSR && !subroutineHeads.containsKey(ln)) {
subroutineHeads.put(ln, new BitSet());
}
}
/**
* If any JSRs were seen, triggers the inlining process. Otherwise, forwards
* the byte codes untouched.
*/
@Override
public void visitEnd() {
if (!subroutineHeads.isEmpty()) {
markSubroutines();
if (LOGGING) {
log(mainSubroutine.toString());
Iterator<BitSet> it = subroutineHeads.values().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
BitSet sub = it.next();
log(sub.toString());
}
}
emitCode();
}
// Forward the translate opcodes on if appropriate:
if (mv != null) {
accept(mv);
}
}
/**
* Walks the method and determines which internal subroutine(s), if any,
* each instruction is a method of.
*/
private void markSubroutines() {
BitSet anyvisited = new BitSet();
// First walk the main subroutine and find all those instructions which
// can be reached without invoking any JSR at all
markSubroutineWalk(mainSubroutine, 0, anyvisited);
// Go through the head of each subroutine and find any nodes reachable
// to that subroutine without following any JSR links.
for (Iterator<Map.Entry<LabelNode,BitSet>> it = subroutineHeads.entrySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();)
{
Map.Entry<LabelNode,BitSet> entry = it.next();
LabelNode lab = entry.getKey();
BitSet sub = entry.getValue();
int index = instructions.indexOf(lab);
markSubroutineWalk(sub, index, anyvisited);
}
}
/**
* Performs a depth first search walking the normal byte code path starting
* at <code>index</code>, and adding each instruction encountered into
* the subroutine <code>sub</code>. After this walk is complete, iterates
* over the exception handlers to ensure that we also include those byte
* codes which are reachable through an exception that may be thrown during
* the execution of the subroutine. Invoked from
* <code>markSubroutines()</code>.
*
* @param sub the subroutine whose instructions must be computed.
* @param index an instruction of this subroutine.
* @param anyvisited indexes of the already visited instructions, i.e.
* marked as part of this subroutine or any previously computed
* subroutine.
*/
private void markSubroutineWalk(
final BitSet sub,
final int index,
final BitSet anyvisited)
{
if (LOGGING) {
log("markSubroutineWalk: sub=" + sub + " index=" + index);
}
// First find those instructions reachable via normal execution
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, index, anyvisited);
// Now, make sure we also include any applicable exception handlers
boolean loop = true;
while (loop) {
loop = false;
for (Iterator<TryCatchBlockNode> it = tryCatchBlocks.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
TryCatchBlockNode trycatch = it.next();
if (LOGGING) {
// TODO use of default toString().
log("Scanning try/catch " + trycatch);
}
// If the handler has already been processed, skip it.
int handlerindex = instructions.indexOf(trycatch.handler);
if (sub.get(handlerindex)) {
continue;
}
int startindex = instructions.indexOf(trycatch.start);
int endindex = instructions.indexOf(trycatch.end);
int nextbit = sub.nextSetBit(startindex);
if (nextbit != -1 && nextbit < endindex) {
if (LOGGING) {
log("Adding exception handler: " + startindex + '-'
+ endindex + " due to " + nextbit + " handler "
+ handlerindex);
}
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, handlerindex, anyvisited);
loop = true;
}
}
}
}
/**
* Performs a simple DFS of the instructions, assigning each to the
* subroutine <code>sub</code>. Starts from <code>index</code>.
* Invoked only by <code>markSubroutineWalk()</code>.
*
* @param sub the subroutine whose instructions must be computed.
* @param index an instruction of this subroutine.
* @param anyvisited indexes of the already visited instructions, i.e.
* marked as part of this subroutine or any previously computed
* subroutine.
*/
private void markSubroutineWalkDFS(
final BitSet sub,
int index,
final BitSet anyvisited)
{
while (true) {
AbstractInsnNode node = instructions.get(index);
// don't visit a node twice
if (sub.get(index)) {
return;
}
sub.set(index);
// check for those nodes already visited by another subroutine
if (anyvisited.get(index)) {
dualCitizens.set(index);
if (LOGGING) {
log("Instruction #" + index + " is dual citizen.");
}
}
anyvisited.set(index);
if (node.getType() == AbstractInsnNode.JUMP_INSN
&& node.getOpcode() != JSR)
{
// we do not follow recursively called subroutines here; but any
// other sort of branch we do follow
JumpInsnNode jnode = (JumpInsnNode) node;
int destidx = instructions.indexOf(jnode.label);
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, destidx, anyvisited);
}
if (node.getType() == AbstractInsnNode.TABLESWITCH_INSN) {
TableSwitchInsnNode tsnode = (TableSwitchInsnNode) node;
int destidx = instructions.indexOf(tsnode.dflt);
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, destidx, anyvisited);
for (int i = tsnode.labels.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
LabelNode l = tsnode.labels.get(i);
destidx = instructions.indexOf(l);
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, destidx, anyvisited);
}
}
if (node.getType() == AbstractInsnNode.LOOKUPSWITCH_INSN) {
LookupSwitchInsnNode lsnode = (LookupSwitchInsnNode) node;
int destidx = instructions.indexOf(lsnode.dflt);
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, destidx, anyvisited);
for (int i = lsnode.labels.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
LabelNode l = lsnode.labels.get(i);
destidx = instructions.indexOf(l);
markSubroutineWalkDFS(sub, destidx, anyvisited);
}
}
// check to see if this opcode falls through to the next instruction
// or not; if not, return.
switch (instructions.get(index).getOpcode()) {
case GOTO:
case RET:
case TABLESWITCH:
case LOOKUPSWITCH:
case IRETURN:
case LRETURN:
case FRETURN:
case DRETURN:
case ARETURN:
case RETURN:
case ATHROW:
/*
* note: this either returns from this subroutine, or a
* parent subroutine which invoked it
*/
return;
}
// Use tail recursion here in the form of an outer while loop to
// avoid our stack growing needlessly:
index++;
}
}
/**
* Creates the new instructions, inlining each instantiation of each
* subroutine until the code is fully elaborated.
*/
private void emitCode() {
LinkedList<Instantiation> worklist = new LinkedList<Instantiation>();
// Create an instantiation of the "root" subroutine, which is just the
// main routine
worklist.add(new Instantiation(null, mainSubroutine));
// Emit instantiations of each subroutine we encounter, including the
// main subroutine
InsnList newInstructions = new InsnList();
List<TryCatchBlockNode> newTryCatchBlocks = new ArrayList<TryCatchBlockNode>();
List<LocalVariableNode> newLocalVariables = new ArrayList<LocalVariableNode>();
while (!worklist.isEmpty()) {
Instantiation inst = worklist.removeFirst();
emitSubroutine(inst,
worklist,
newInstructions,
newTryCatchBlocks,
newLocalVariables);
}
instructions = newInstructions;
tryCatchBlocks = newTryCatchBlocks;
localVariables = newLocalVariables;
}
/**
* Emits one instantiation of one subroutine, specified by
* <code>instant</code>. May add new instantiations that are invoked by
* this one to the <code>worklist</code> parameter, and new try/catch
* blocks to <code>newTryCatchBlocks</code>.
*
* @param instant the instantiation that must be performed.
* @param worklist list of the instantiations that remain to be done.
* @param newInstructions the instruction list to which the instantiated
* code must be appended.
* @param newTryCatchBlocks the exception handler list to which the
* instantiated handlers must be appended.
*/
private void emitSubroutine(
final Instantiation instant,
final List<Instantiation> worklist,
final InsnList newInstructions,
final List<TryCatchBlockNode> newTryCatchBlocks,
final List<LocalVariableNode> newLocalVariables)
{
LabelNode duplbl = null;
if (LOGGING) {
log("--------------------------------------------------------");
log("Emitting instantiation of subroutine " + instant.subroutine);
}
// Emit the relevant instructions for this instantiation, translating
// labels and jump targets as we go:
for (int i = 0, c = instructions.size(); i < c; i++) {
AbstractInsnNode insn = instructions.get(i);
Instantiation owner = instant.findOwner(i);
// Always remap labels:
if (insn.getType() == AbstractInsnNode.LABEL) {
// Translate labels into their renamed equivalents.
// Avoid adding the same label more than once. Note
// that because we own this instruction the gotoTable
// and the rangeTable will always agree.
LabelNode ilbl = (LabelNode) insn;
LabelNode remap = instant.rangeLabel(ilbl);
if (LOGGING) {
// TODO use of default toString().
log("Translating lbl #" + i + ':' + ilbl + " to " + remap);
}
if (remap != duplbl) {
newInstructions.add(remap);
duplbl = remap;
}
continue;
}
// We don't want to emit instructions that were already
// emitted by a subroutine higher on the stack. Note that
// it is still possible for a given instruction to be
// emitted twice because it may belong to two subroutines
// that do not invoke each other.
if (owner != instant) {
continue;
}
if (LOGGING) {
log("Emitting inst #" + i);
}
if (insn.getOpcode() == RET) {
// Translate RET instruction(s) to a jump to the return label
// for the appropriate instantiation. The problem is that the
// subroutine may "fall through" to the ret of a parent
// subroutine; therefore, to find the appropriate ret label we
// find the lowest subroutine on the stack that claims to own
// this instruction. See the class javadoc comment for an
// explanation on why this technique is safe (note: it is only
// safe if the input is verifiable).
LabelNode retlabel = null;
for (Instantiation p = instant; p != null; p = p.previous) {
if (p.subroutine.get(i)) {
retlabel = p.returnLabel;
}
}
if (retlabel == null) {
// This is only possible if the mainSubroutine owns a RET
// instruction, which should never happen for verifiable
// code.
throw new RuntimeException("Instruction #" + i
+ " is a RET not owned by any subroutine");
}
newInstructions.add(new JumpInsnNode(GOTO, retlabel));
} else if (insn.getOpcode() == JSR) {
LabelNode lbl = ((JumpInsnNode) insn).label;
BitSet sub = subroutineHeads.get(lbl);
Instantiation newinst = new Instantiation(instant, sub);
LabelNode startlbl = newinst.gotoLabel(lbl);
if (LOGGING) {
log(" Creating instantiation of subr " + sub);
}
// Rather than JSRing, we will jump to the inline version and
// push NULL for what was once the return value. This hack
// allows us to avoid doing any sort of data flow analysis to
// figure out which instructions manipulate the old return value
// pointer which is now known to be unneeded.
newInstructions.add(new InsnNode(ACONST_NULL));
newInstructions.add(new JumpInsnNode(GOTO, startlbl));
newInstructions.add(newinst.returnLabel);
// Insert this new instantiation into the queue to be emitted
// later.
worklist.add(newinst);
} else {
newInstructions.add(insn.clone(instant));
}
}
// Emit try/catch blocks that are relevant to this method.
for (Iterator<TryCatchBlockNode> it = tryCatchBlocks.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
TryCatchBlockNode trycatch = it.next();
if (LOGGING) {
// TODO use of default toString().
log("try catch block original labels=" + trycatch.start + '-'
+ trycatch.end + "->" + trycatch.handler);
}
final LabelNode start = instant.rangeLabel(trycatch.start);
final LabelNode end = instant.rangeLabel(trycatch.end);
// Ignore empty try/catch regions
if (start == end) {
if (LOGGING) {
log(" try catch block empty in this subroutine");
}
continue;
}
final LabelNode handler = instant.gotoLabel(trycatch.handler);
if (LOGGING) {
// TODO use of default toString().
log(" try catch block new labels=" + start + '-' + end + "->"
+ handler);
}
if (start == null || end == null || handler == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Internal error!");
}
newTryCatchBlocks.add(new TryCatchBlockNode(start,
end,
handler,
trycatch.type));
}
for (Iterator<LocalVariableNode> it = localVariables.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
LocalVariableNode lvnode = it.next();
if (LOGGING) {
log("local var " + lvnode.name);
}
final LabelNode start = instant.rangeLabel(lvnode.start);
final LabelNode end = instant.rangeLabel(lvnode.end);
if (start == end) {
if (LOGGING) {
log(" local variable empty in this sub");
}
continue;
}
newLocalVariables.add(new LocalVariableNode(lvnode.name,
lvnode.desc,
lvnode.signature,
start,
end,
lvnode.index));
}
}
private static void log(final String str) {
System.err.println(str);
}
/**
* A class that represents an instantiation of a subroutine. Each
* instantiation has an associate "stack" --- which is a listing of those
* instantiations that were active when this particular instance of this
* subroutine was invoked. Each instantiation also has a map from the
* original labels of the program to the labels appropriate for this
* instantiation, and finally a label to return to.
*/
private class Instantiation extends AbstractMap<LabelNode, LabelNode> {
/**
* Previous instantiations; the stack must be statically predictable to
* be inlinable.
*/
final Instantiation previous;
/**
* The subroutine this is an instantiation of.
*/
public final BitSet subroutine;
/**
* This table maps Labels from the original source to Labels pointing at
* code specific to this instantiation, for use in remapping try/catch
* blocks,as well as gotos.
*
* Note that in the presence of dual citizens instructions, that is,
* instructions which belong to more than one subroutine due to the
* merging of control flow without a RET instruction, we will map the
* target label of a GOTO to the label used by the instantiation lowest
* on the stack. This avoids code duplication during inlining in most
* cases.
*
* @see #findOwner(int)
*/
public final Map<LabelNode, LabelNode> rangeTable = new HashMap<LabelNode, LabelNode>();
/**
* All returns for this instantiation will be mapped to this label
*/
public final LabelNode returnLabel;
Instantiation(final Instantiation prev, final BitSet sub) {
previous = prev;
subroutine = sub;
for (Instantiation p = prev; p != null; p = p.previous) {
if (p.subroutine == sub) {
throw new RuntimeException("Recursive invocation of " + sub);
}
}
// Determine the label to return to when this subroutine terminates
// via RET: note that the main subroutine never terminates via RET.
if (prev != null) {
returnLabel = new LabelNode();
} else {
returnLabel = null;
}
// Each instantiation will remap the labels from the code above to
// refer to its particular copy of its own instructions. Note that
// we collapse labels which point at the same instruction into one:
// this is fairly common as we are often ignoring large chunks of
// instructions, so what were previously distinct labels become
// duplicates.
LabelNode duplbl = null;
for (int i = 0, c = instructions.size(); i < c; i++) {
AbstractInsnNode insn = instructions.get(i);
if (insn.getType() == AbstractInsnNode.LABEL) {
LabelNode ilbl = (LabelNode) insn;
if (duplbl == null) {
// if we already have a label pointing at this spot,
// don't recreate it.
duplbl = new LabelNode();
}
// Add an entry in the rangeTable for every label
// in the original code which points at the next
// instruction of our own to be emitted.
rangeTable.put(ilbl, duplbl);
} else if (findOwner(i) == this) {
// We will emit this instruction, so clear the 'duplbl' flag
// since the next Label will refer to a distinct
// instruction.
duplbl = null;
}
}
}
/**
* Returns the "owner" of a particular instruction relative to this
* instantiation: the owner referes to the Instantiation which will emit
* the version of this instruction that we will execute.
*
* Typically, the return value is either <code>this</code> or
* <code>null</code>. <code>this</code> indicates that this
* instantiation will generate the version of this instruction that we
* will execute, and <code>null</code> indicates that this
* instantiation never executes the given instruction.
*
* Sometimes, however, an instruction can belong to multiple
* subroutines; this is called a "dual citizen" instruction (though it
* may belong to more than 2 subroutines), and occurs when multiple
* subroutines branch to common points of control. In this case, the
* owner is the subroutine that appears lowest on the stack, and which
* also owns the instruction in question.
*
* @param i the index of the instruction in the original code
* @return the "owner" of a particular instruction relative to this
* instantiation.
*/
public Instantiation findOwner(final int i) {
if (!subroutine.get(i)) {
return null;
}
if (!dualCitizens.get(i)) {
return this;
}
Instantiation own = this;
for (Instantiation p = previous; p != null; p = p.previous) {
if (p.subroutine.get(i)) {
own = p;
}
}
return own;
}
/**
* Looks up the label <code>l</code> in the <code>gotoTable</code>,
* thus translating it from a Label in the original code, to a Label in
* the inlined code that is appropriate for use by an instruction that
* branched to the original label.
*
* @param l The label we will be translating
* @return a label for use by a branch instruction in the inlined code
* @see #rangeLabel
*/
public LabelNode gotoLabel(final LabelNode l) {
// owner should never be null, because owner is only null
// if an instruction cannot be reached from this subroutine
Instantiation owner = findOwner(instructions.indexOf(l));
return owner.rangeTable.get(l);
}
/**
* Looks up the label <code>l</code> in the <code>rangeTable</code>,
* thus translating it from a Label in the original code, to a Label in
* the inlined code that is appropriate for use by an try/catch or
* variable use annotation.
*
* @param l The label we will be translating
* @return a label for use by a try/catch or variable annotation in the
* original code
* @see #rangeTable
*/
public LabelNode rangeLabel(final LabelNode l) {
return rangeTable.get(l);
}
// AbstractMap implementation
@Override
public Set<Map.Entry<LabelNode, LabelNode>> entrySet() {
return null;
}
@Override
public LabelNode get(final Object o) {
return gotoLabel((LabelNode) o);
}
}
}