/*
* Kodkod -- Copyright (c) 2005-2008, Emina Torlak
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package kodkod.engine.satlab;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import kodkod.util.collections.Containers;
import kodkod.util.ints.IntBitSet;
import kodkod.util.ints.IntIterator;
import kodkod.util.ints.IntSet;
import kodkod.util.ints.Ints;
/**
* An array-backed implementation of the {@linkplain ResolutionTrace} interface.
* Resolvent literals are computed on-demand, and only the resolvents reachable
* from the conflict clause are stored.
*
* @author Emina Torlak
*/
final class LazyTrace implements ResolutionTrace {
/* The trace array encodes the resolution trace as follows.
* The first <tt>axioms</tt> entries in the trace array contain
* the literals of the clauses added to the prover, in the order
* in which they were added. The remaining entries encode the
* resolvents as follows. Let i >= <tt>axioms</tt>
* represent the ith resolvent. If resolved.contains(i-axioms), then trace[i][0]
* contains the number of the resolvent's antecedents; trace[i][1..trace[i][0]]
* contains the indices of the resolvent's antecedents in the trace;
* and trace[i][trace[i][0]+1..trace[i].length-1] contains the literals of the ith resolvent.
* Otherwise, the literals for the given resolvent have not yet been computed so
* trace[i][0..trace[i].length-1] contains the indices of the resolvent's antecedents.
*
* All computed and axiom literals are sorted in the increasing order of absolute values.
* All antecedents of a given resolvent precede it in the trace,
* and the conflict clause should be the last trace element.
*/
private final int[][] trace;
private final int axioms;
private final IntSet core, resolved;
/**
* Constructs a resolution trace view for the given raw trace.
* The first <tt>axioms</tt> entries in the trace array should
* contain the literals of the clauses added to the prover, in
* the order in which they were added. The literals should be
* sorted in the increasing order of absolute values. The remaining entries
* should encode the resolvents as follows. Let i be the index
* of a resolvent in the raw trace. Then, for all 0 <= j < trace[i].length,
* trace[i][j] is the index of the resolvent's jth antecedents in the trace array.
* All antecedents of a given resolvent should precede it in the trace,
* and the conflict clause should be the last trace element.
*
* <p><b>Note: </b> the given array's contents must not be modified while
* in use by this resolution trace object.</p>
*/
LazyTrace(int[][] trace, int axioms) {
this.axioms = axioms;
// find all the clauses that are reachable from the conflict
final IntSet reachable = reachable(trace, axioms);
// get the core clauses
this.core = core(reachable, axioms);
// trim the trace so that it contains all axioms but only those resolvents that are reachable from the conflict
this.trace = compress(trace, axioms, reachable, core);
// we haven't computed any resolvent literals yet ...
this.resolved = new IntBitSet(this.trace.length-axioms);
}
/**
* Constructs a resolution trace from the given subtrace and partial
* trace. This constructor assumes that <tt>partial</tt> is the result
* of solving the subtrace of the <tt>original</tt> trace that is given by the
* specified set of indices. The first indices.size() of the partial
* trace are assumed to represent the clauses given by original.trace[indices],
* in the increasing order of indices; the remaining entries should encode
* the resolvents computed from original.trace[indices], as specified by
* {@linkplain #LazyTrace(int[][], int)}. The given subtrace of the original
* trace must be self-contained, i.e. original.reachable(indices).equals(indices).
*
* <p><b>Note: </b> the given array's contents must not be modified while
* in use by this resolution trace object.</p>
*/
LazyTrace(LazyTrace original, IntSet indices, int[][] partial) {
this.axioms = reconstruct(original, indices, partial);
// find all the clauses that are reachable from the conflict
final IntSet reachable = reachable(partial, axioms);
// get the core clauses
this.core = core(reachable, axioms);
// trim the trace so that it contains all axioms but only those resolvents that are reachable from the conflict
this.trace = compress(partial, axioms, reachable, core);
// we haven't computed any resolvent literals yet ...
this.resolved = new IntBitSet(this.trace.length-axioms);
}
/**
* Fills the first indices.size() empty positions of the partial trace with the
* corresponding clauses from the original trace and returns the number of axioms
* in the reconstructed trace.
* @requires original, indices, and partial are as specified by {@linkplain #LazyTrace(LazyTrace, IntSet, int[][])} constructor
* @effects modifies partial so that it conforms to the {@linkplain #trace LazyTrace.trace} spec
* using the provided original trace and indices.
* @return number of axioms in the modified partial trace
*/
private static int reconstruct(LazyTrace original, IntSet indices, int[][] partial) {
int axiomCount = indices.size();
// fill the partial[0..indices.size()-1] with the corresponding clauses from original.trace[indices]
final int[][] originalTrace = original.trace;
final int[] position = new int[indices.max()+1];
IntIterator itr = indices.iterator();
for(int i = 0, length = indices.size(); i < length; i++) {
int index = itr.next();
position[index] = i;
if (original.axiom(index)) { // just set the ith pointer to original literals
partial[i] = originalTrace[index];
} else { // copy the resolvent and adjust copy's antecedent indices
int antes = originalTrace[index][0];
int[] resolvent = new int[antes];
for(int j = 0; j < antes; j++) {
resolvent[j] = position[originalTrace[index][j+1]];
}
partial[i] = resolvent;
axiomCount--;
}
}
return axiomCount;
}
/**
* Returns the indices of all clauses in the given trace that are
* reachable from the conflict clause through the resolvents
* in trace[roots..trace.length-1]. This method assumes that
* that the last trace[roots..trace.length-1] clauses encode
* resolvents as specified by the
* {@linkplain #LazyTrace(int[][], int)} constructor.
* @return indices of all clauses in the given trace that are
* reachable from the conflict clause through the resolvents in
* trace[roots..trace.length-1]
*/
private static IntSet reachable(int[][] trace, int roots) {
final IntSet reachable = new IntBitSet(trace.length);
reachable.add(trace.length-1);
for(int i = trace.length-1; i >= roots; i--) {
if (reachable.contains(i)) {
int[] resolvent = trace[i];
for(int j = 0; j < resolvent.length; j++) {
reachable.add(resolvent[j]);
}
}
}
return reachable;
}
/**
* Returns a set that contains the elements from the given
* reachable between 0, inclusive, and axioms, exclusive.
* @return a set that contains the elements from the given
* reachable between 0, inclusive, and axioms, exclusive.
*/
private static IntSet core(IntSet reachable, int axioms) {
final IntSet core = new IntBitSet(axioms);
for(IntIterator itr = reachable.iterator(0, axioms-1); itr.hasNext(); ) {
core.add(itr.next());
}
return Ints.unmodifiableIntSet(core);
}
/**
* Compresses the given src trace into a destination trace that contains the same axioms as the
* source but only the resolvents that are reachable from the conflict clause.
* @requires src and axioms are as specified by the {@linkplain #LazyTrace(int[][], int)} constructor
* @requires reachable.elts = reachable(src, axioms).elts
* @requires core.elts = core(reachable, axioms).elts
* @effects invalidates the contents of src; src should not be used after this method returns
* @return a new trace that contains the same axioms as the
* source but only the resolvents that are reachable from the conflict clause.
*/
private static int[][] compress(int[][] src, int axioms, IntSet reachable, IntSet core) {
final int[][] dest = new int[reachable.size()-core.size()+axioms][];
System.arraycopy(src, 0, dest, 0, axioms);
final int[] pos = new int[src.length-axioms];
final IntIterator srcIdxs = reachable.iterator(axioms, src.length);
for(int i = axioms; srcIdxs.hasNext(); i++) {
int srcIdx = srcIdxs.next();
pos[srcIdx-axioms] = i;
// move the resolvent and adjust its antecedent indices
int[] resolvent = src[srcIdx];
dest[i] = resolvent;
for(int j = 0, lastAnte = resolvent.length; j < lastAnte; j++) {
int ante = resolvent[j];
resolvent[j] = ante < axioms ? ante : pos[ante-axioms];
}
}
return dest;
}
/**
* Returns an array of integers representing the result of
* resolving the clauses c1 and c2, sorted in the increasing order
* of absolute values. The parameters axiom1 and axiom2 specify
* whether c1 and c2 encode axioms or resolvents. In particular,
* if axiom1 (resp. axiom2) is true, then all integers in c1 (resp. c2)
* are assumed to be literals, sorted in the increasing order of absolute
* values. If axiom1 (resp. axiom2) is false, then the integers starting
* at c1[0]+1 (resp. c2[0]+1) are assumed to be literals, sorted in the increasing
* order of absolute values.
* @requires let off1 = axiom1 ? 0 : c1[0] + 1, off2 = axiom2 ? 0 : c2[0]+1 |
* (all i: [off1..c1.length), j: [off1..c1.length) | i < j => abs(c1[i]) < abs(c1[j])) and
* (all i: [off2..c2.length), j: [off2..c2.length) | i < j => abs(c2[i]) < abs(c2[j])) and
* (one i: [off1..c1.length), j: [off2..c2.length) | c1[i] = -c2[j])
* @return an array of integers representing the result of
* resolving the clauses c1 and c2, sorted in the increasing order of absolute values
*/
private static int[] resolve(int[] c1, boolean axiom1, int[] c2, boolean axiom2) {
final int len1 = c1.length, len2 = c2.length;
int i = axiom1 ? 0 : c1[0] + 1;
int j = axiom2 ? 0 : c2[0] + 1;
int k = 0;
final int[] tmp = new int[(len1-i + len2-j) - 2];
while(i < len1 && j < len2) {
int lit1 = c1[i], lit2 = c2[j];
int var1 = StrictMath.abs(lit1), var2 = StrictMath.abs(lit2);
if (var1==var2) {
if (lit1==lit2) {
tmp[k++] = lit1;
}
i++;
j++;
} else if (var1 < var2) {
tmp[k++] = lit1;
i++;
} else { // var1 > var2
tmp[k++] = lit2;
j++;
}
}
if (i<len1) {
final int rem = len1 - i;
System.arraycopy(c1, i, tmp, k, rem);
k += rem;
}
if (j<len2) {
final int rem = len2 - j;
System.arraycopy(c2, j, tmp, k, rem);
k += rem;
}
if (k==tmp.length) {
return tmp;
} else {
final int[] ret = new int[k];
System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, ret, 0, k);
return ret;
}
}
/**
* Computes the resolvent at the given index, sets this.trace index
* to the computed resolvent and returns it.
* @effects computes the resolvent at the given index and sets trace[index]
* to the computed array.
* @return this.trace'[index]
*/
private int[] resolve(int index) {
if (index < axioms || resolved(index)) return trace[index];
int[] ante = trace[index];
int[] lits = resolve(resolve(ante[0]), ante[0]<axioms, resolve(ante[1]), ante[1]<axioms);
for(int j = 2; j < ante.length; j++) {
lits = resolve(lits, true, resolve(ante[j]), ante[j]<axioms);
}
int[] resolvent = new int[ante.length + lits.length + 1];
resolvent[0] = ante.length;
System.arraycopy(ante, 0, resolvent, 1, ante.length);
System.arraycopy(lits, 0, resolvent, ante.length+1, lits.length);
trace[index] = resolvent;
resolved.add(index-axioms);
return resolvent;
}
/** @return true if resolvent literals have been computed for the resolvent at the given index */
private boolean resolved(int index) { return resolved.contains(index-axioms); }
/**
* Returns true if the clause at the given index is an axiom.
* @return index < this.axioms
*/
private boolean axiom(int index) {
return index < axioms;
}
/**
* Returns the offset in this.trace[index] array where literal
* data is stored, if any.
* @return axiom(index) ? 0 : resolved(index) ? this.trace[index][0] + 1 : -1
*/
private int litOffset(int index) {
return axiom(index) ? 0 : resolved(index) ? trace[index][0] + 1 : -1;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#size()
*/
public int size() { return trace.length; }
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#core()
*/
public IntSet core() { return core; }
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#axioms()
*/
public IntSet axioms() { return Ints.rangeSet(Ints.range(0, axioms-1)); }
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#resolvents()
*/
public IntSet resolvents() { return Ints.rangeSet(Ints.range(axioms, trace.length-1)); }
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#get(int)
*/
public Clause get(final int index) {
if (index>=0 && index<trace.length) {
if (axiom(index)) { // return a self-contained clause
return new Clause() {
final int[] literals = trace[index];
final int hashCode = Ints.superFastHash(literals);
public Iterator<Clause> antecedents() { return Containers.emptyIterator(); }
public IntIterator literals() { return new IntArrayIterator(literals,0,literals.length); }
public int maxVariable() { return StrictMath.abs(literals[literals.length-1]); }
public int numberOfAntecedents() { return 0; }
public int size() { return literals.length; }
public int[] toArray(int[] array) {
if (array.length<literals.length) { array = new int[literals.length]; }
System.arraycopy(literals, 0, array, 0, literals.length);
return array;
}
public int hashCode() { return hashCode; }
};
} else {
return new ClauseView(index);
}
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid index: " + index);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#iterator()
*/
public Iterator<Clause> iterator() {
return new ClauseIterator(new IntIterator() {
int index = 0;
public boolean hasNext() { return index>=0 && index < trace.length; }
public int next() {
if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
return index++;
}
public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
});
}
/**
* Returns true if indices.min() >= 0 && indices.max() < this.size()
* @requires !indices.isEmpty()
* @return indices.min() >= 0 && indices.max() < this.size()
*/
private boolean valid(IntSet indices) {
return indices.min()>=0 && indices.max()<trace.length;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#iterator(kodkod.util.ints.IntSet)
*/
public Iterator<Clause> iterator(IntSet indices) {
if (indices.isEmpty() || valid(indices)) {
return new ClauseIterator(indices.iterator());
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid indices: " + indices);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#reverseIterator(kodkod.util.ints.IntSet)
*/
public Iterator<Clause> reverseIterator(IntSet indices) {
if (indices.isEmpty() || valid(indices)) {
return new ClauseIterator(indices.iterator(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE));
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid indices: " + indices);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#implicants(kodkod.util.ints.IntSet)
*/
public IntSet reachable(IntSet indices) {
if (indices.isEmpty()) return Ints.EMPTY_SET;
else if (valid(indices)) {
final IntSet ret = new IntBitSet(trace.length);
ret.addAll(indices);
for(int i = indices.max(); i >= axioms; i--) {
if (ret.contains(i)) {
int[] resolvent = trace[i];
if (resolved(i)) {
for(int j = 1, antes = resolvent[0]; j <= antes; j++) {
ret.add(resolvent[j]);
}
} else {
for(int j = 0; j < resolvent.length; j++) {
ret.add(resolvent[j]);
}
}
}
}
return ret;
}
else throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid indices: " + indices);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#backwardReachable(kodkod.util.ints.IntSet)
*/
public IntSet backwardReachable(IntSet indices) {
if (indices.isEmpty()) return Ints.EMPTY_SET;
else if (valid(indices)) {
final IntSet ret = new IntBitSet(trace.length);
ret.addAll(indices);
for(int i = axioms, length = trace.length; i < length; i++) {
int[] resolvent = trace[i];
if (resolved(i)) {
for(int j = 1, antes = resolvent[0]; j <= antes; j++) {
if (ret.contains(resolvent[j])) {
ret.add(i);
break;
}
}
} else {
for(int j = 0; j < resolvent.length; j++) {
if (ret.contains(resolvent[j])) {
ret.add(i);
break;
}
}
}
}
return ret;
}
else throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid indices: " + indices);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#learnable(kodkod.util.ints.IntSet)
*/
public IntSet learnable(IntSet indices) {
if (indices.isEmpty()) return Ints.EMPTY_SET;
else if (valid(indices)) {
final IntSet ret = new IntBitSet(trace.length);
ret.addAll(indices);
TOP: for(int i = axioms, length = trace.length; i < length; i++) {
int[] resolvent = trace[i];
if (resolved(i)) {
for(int j = 1, antes = resolvent[0]; j <= antes; j++) {
if (!ret.contains(resolvent[j])) {
continue TOP;
}
}
} else {
for(int j = 0; j < resolvent.length; j++) {
if (!ret.contains(resolvent[j])) {
continue TOP;
}
}
}
ret.add(i);
}
return ret;
}
else throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid indices: " + indices);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see kodkod.engine.satlab.ResolutionTrace#directlyLearnable(kodkod.util.ints.IntSet)
*/
public IntSet directlyLearnable(IntSet indices) {
if (indices.isEmpty()) return Ints.EMPTY_SET;
else if (valid(indices)) {
final IntSet ret = new IntBitSet(trace.length);
ret.addAll(indices);
TOP: for(int i = axioms, length = trace.length; i < length; i++) {
int[] resolvent = trace[i];
if (resolved(i)) {
for(int j = 1, antes = resolvent[0]; j <= antes; j++) {
if (!indices.contains(resolvent[j])) {
continue TOP;
}
}
} else {
for(int j = 0; j < resolvent.length; j++) {
if (!indices.contains(resolvent[j])) {
continue TOP;
}
}
}
ret.add(i);
}
return ret;
}
else throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("invalid indices: " + indices);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
* @see java.lang.Object#toString()
*/
public String toString() {
final StringBuilder ret = new StringBuilder();
for(int i = 0; i < axioms; i++) {
ret.append("AXIOM. Literals: ");
int[] clause = trace[i];
for(int j = 0, c = clause.length; j < c; j++) {
ret.append(clause[j]);
ret.append(" ");
}
ret.append("\n");
}
for(int i = axioms, max = trace.length; i < max; i++) {
ret.append("RESOLVENT. Antecedents: ");
int[] clause = trace[i];
if (resolved(i)) {
for(int j = 1, c = clause[0]; j <= c; j++) {
ret.append(clause[j]);
ret.append(" ");
}
} else {
for(int j = 0; j < clause.length; j++) {
ret.append(clause[j]);
ret.append(" ");
}
}
ret.append("\n");
}
return ret.toString();
}
/**
* A mutable implementation of the Clause interface.
* @author Emina Torlak
*/
private class ClauseView extends Clause {
private int[] clause;
private int litOffset, index;
/**
* Constructs a clause view for the ith clause.
* @requires 0 <= index < trace.length
*/
ClauseView(int index) {
this.index = index;
this.clause = trace[index];
this.litOffset = litOffset(index);
}
/**
* Constructs a clause view for the 0th clause.
*/
ClauseView() { this(0); }
/**
* Sets the state of this clause view to represent
* the ith clause in the trace and returns this.
* @effects sets the state of this clause view to represent
* the ith clause in the trace
* @return this
*/
ClauseView set(int index) {
this.index = index;
this.clause = trace[index];
this.litOffset = litOffset(index);
return this;
}
void ensureLiterals() {
if (litOffset<0) {
resolve(index);
this.clause = trace[index];
this.litOffset = litOffset(index);
}
}
public int maxVariable() {
ensureLiterals();
return StrictMath.abs(clause[clause.length-1]);
}
public int numberOfAntecedents() {
return litOffset<0 ? clause.length : StrictMath.max(0, litOffset-1);
}
public int size() {
ensureLiterals();
return clause.length - litOffset;
}
public Iterator<Clause> antecedents() {
return new ClauseIterator(new IntArrayIterator(clause, 1, litOffset));
}
public IntIterator literals() {
ensureLiterals();
return new IntArrayIterator(clause, litOffset, clause.length);
}
public int[] toArray(int[] array) {
final int size = size();
if (array.length < size) {
array = new int[size];
}
System.arraycopy(clause, litOffset, array, 0, size);
return array;
}
}
/**
* A clause iterator wrapper for an int iterator.
* @author Emina Torlak
*/
private final class ClauseIterator extends ClauseView implements Iterator<Clause> {
private final IntIterator itr;
/**
* Constructs a clause iterator that will iterate over the clauses in this.trace
* located at the indices given by itr. The given iterator must return valid indices.
*/
ClauseIterator(IntIterator itr) {
this.itr = itr;
}
public boolean hasNext() { return itr.hasNext(); }
public Clause next() { return set(itr.next()); }
public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
}
/**
* An int iterator that iterates over the portion of an integer array
* in the increasing order of indices.
* @author Emina Torlak
*/
private static final class IntArrayIterator implements IntIterator {
private final int[] array;
private int from;
private final int to;
/**
* Constructs an int iterator that iterates over the given array,
* returning the elements between from, inclusive, and to, exclusive.
* @requires 0 <= from < array.length < Integer.MAX_VALUE
*/
IntArrayIterator(int[] array, int from, int to) {
this.array = array;
this.from = from;
this.to = to;
}
public boolean hasNext() { return from >= 0 && from < to; }
public int next() {
if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
return array[from++];
}
public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
}
}