public double shortfall(final double target){
if (statistics.getSampleSize()==0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(empty_sample_set);
final Ops.DoublePredicate less = new Bind2ndPredicate(new LessThanPredicate(), target);
return statistics.expectationValue(new Clipped(less, new Constant(1.0)), new TruePredicate()).getFirst();
}